UD advantage
Local canonical integrity, explicit separated trust states, BrowserCarrier portability and exact-byte recovery.
Layered verification guide
Fair verification comparison
Verification tools solve different layers of the problem.
Both
PDF signature tools, PKI systems and UD can verify signatures when profiles, keys and trust evidence are available.
Incumbents stronger today
Mature certificate ecosystems, enterprise trust stores and widely deployed regulated signing workflows.
UD planned or bounded
Independent-node consensus and universally trusted identity are not claimed.